Donuts, also spelled doughnuts, are one of the most beloved and recognizable pastries worldwide. These sweet, deep-fried treats come in various shapes, sizes, and flavors, from the classic glazed ring to filled varieties. The history of the donut is rich and varied, involving numerous cultures and spanning centuries.
Early Origins
The origins of the donut can be traced back to ancient civilizations. Archaeological evidence suggests that early forms of fried dough were made by the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. These ancient pastries were typically made from grain-based batters and fried in oil.
European Influence
The modern donut’s more direct ancestry can be found in Europe. In the 15th century, Dutch settlers brought “olykoeks” (oily cakes) to America. These early donuts were balls of cake fried in pork fat until golden brown. The Dutch version sometimes contained raisins, apples, or other fruits.
Introduction to America
By the 18th century, the concept of fried dough had spread throughout Europe, with various cultures adopting their versions. In the United States, donuts became particularly popular in the 19th century. One of the first recorded references to donuts in American literature is found in Washington Irving’s “History of New York,” published in 1809, where he describes “dough-nuts.”
The Invention of the Donut Hole
The iconic ring-shaped donut with a hole in the middle is often credited to Captain Hanson Gregory, an American ship captain, in 1847. According to legend, Gregory was dissatisfied with the raw centers of traditional donuts and decided to punch a hole in the middle to ensure even cooking. This innovation transformed the donut, making it more popular and easier to fry.
Rise of Donut Shops
In the early 20th century, the commercial production of donuts took off. Adolph Levitt, a Russian immigrant in New York City, invented the first automatic donut machine in 1920, revolutionizing the industry. This invention led to the mass production of donuts and the opening of numerous donut shops across the United States.
Donuts in Popular Culture
Donuts became ingrained in American culture, symbolizing comfort and indulgence. During World War I, the Salvation Army famously served donuts to soldiers on the front lines, earning them the nickname “doughboys.” This gesture further cemented the donut’s place in American hearts.
Modern-Day Donuts
Today, donuts are enjoyed worldwide, with countless variations and flavors. From gourmet donut shops offering exotic flavors to classic chains like Dunkin’ Donuts and Krispy Kreme, the donut industry continues to thrive. The rise of artisanal bakeries has also brought new life to the traditional treat, with innovative recipes and creative toppings.
The history of the donut is a testament to its enduring appeal. From ancient fried cakes to the modern, diverse array of donuts we enjoy today, this beloved pastry has evolved and adapted through the centuries. Its journey from humble beginnings to a global phenomenon highlights the universal love for sweet, fried dough.